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Janet Napolitano

Janet Napolitano

Janet Napolitano: the Current U.S. Secretary for Homeland Security


Janet Napolitano is most well known for being the current United States Secretary for the Department of Homeland Security under the Obama administration. She was also the former Democratic governor of Arizona as well as the Attorney General of Arizona.

Early Life and Education
Janet Napolitano was born in New York City on November 29, 1957 in New York City and raised in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, as well as Albuquerque, New Mexico. In 1975 she graduated from Sandia High School and was also voted most likely to succeed.
She then attended and graduated Santa Clara University as valedictorian. After, she studied for a semester at the London School of Economics and later attended the University of VA School of Law where she received her Juris Doctor. Once completing law school, she worked as a law clerk in the 9th Circuit in the United States Court of Appeals and later joined the Phoenix Law firm with Lewis and Rocca.

Political Career
Napolitano began her political career when she was appointed at the United States Attorney for Arizona by President Bill Clinton in 1993. At this time, she investigated Michael Fortier during the Oklahoma City bombing. She then ran for the position of Arizona Attorney in 1998, which she won.
In 2002, Napolitano decided to run for the gubernatorial election of Arizona. She narrowly defeated her Republican opponent, Matt Salmon who was a former congressman. This made her the third female governor in Arizona’s history as well as the first woman to succeed a female governor. In 2005, she was named one of the five best governors in the United States by Time magazine.
As a governor, Napolitano has set a record for the highest total number of vetoes issued, having 58 in a single session which was more than twice the previous years. She also set the all-time record with her 115th veto and left office with 180 vetoes. She won the gubernatorial election again in 2006, making her the first female to be re-elected in that specific office. 
In 2008, Napolitano endorsed Senator Barack Obama as the Democratic nomination for president and she was later named to the Obama-Biden transition Project Advisory board. She was then named as Barack Obama’s nominee for Secretary of Homeland Security, and was confirmed at the beginning of her presidency. Napolitano is the first female to hold this position.


Personal Life
Janet Napolitano is an extreme basketball fan and also plays tennis. Her other hobbies include hiking and whitewater rafting. She has previously hiked in the Superstition Mountains of Arizona and along with the Sandia Mountains in New Mexico. She has climbed the Himalayas and Mount Kilimanjaro. In 1998 she discovered she had breast cancer but has so far survived.

Ben Nelson

Ben Nelson

Ben Nelson: the Senior Senator of Nebraska


Ben Nelson is most known for being the current Senior Democratic Senator for Nebraska. He was also the former Governor of Nebraska as well.

Early Life and Education
Ben Nelson was born on May 17, 1941 in McCook, Nebraska as an only child of his parents. He attended the University of Nebraska, where he received his undergraduate degree in 1963, his master’s degree in 1965, and his Juris Doctor in 1970.
After law school, Ben Nelson worked for the Central national Insurance Group of Omaha as an assistant general counsel and later became the state insurance director. He then went back to Central National Insurance to act as the executive vice president and then the president.
Political Career
Ben Nelson ran for the seat of Governor of Nebraska and was elected into office in 1990 after winning in one of the closest gubernatorial races in the history of the state, where he had received the Democratic nomination because of two votes. He was then re-elected for a second term by a very large vote.
As governor, Ben Nelson worked to close the gap between urban and rural areas of Nebraska in order to have a more effective government. He also helped cut spending when it was scheduled go up higher and created legislation to lower crime rates.
When Democrat Jim Exon retired from in 1996 from his seat in the United States Senate, Ben Nelson decided to run for the seat, but was defeated by a Republican candidate. He continued his term as governor until 1999. He was then nominated once more in 2000 as a Democratic candidate for the 2000 Senate election. He won the election and has since held his position.
Currently, Ben Nelson serves on the following committees and subcommittees:


Committee on Armed Services
Chairman of Subcommittee: Strategic Forces
Subcommittee: Emerging Threats and Capabilities
Subcommittee: Personnel

Committee on Appropriations
Chairman of Subcommittee: Legislative Branch
Subcommittee: Military Construction, Veterans Affairs, & Related Agencies
Subcommittee: Interior, Environment, & Related Agencies
Subcommittee: Agriculture, Rural Development, FDA , & Related Agencies
Subcommittee: Financial Services & General Government
Subcommittee: Homeland Security


Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry
Subcommittee: Energy, Science & Technology
Subcommittee: Rural Revitalization, Conservation, Forestry and Credit
Subcommittee: Domestic & Foreign Marketing, Inspection, &  Plant and Animal Health
Committee on Rules and Administration
Some of his influential opinions and votes include:
Voted in favor of the Patient Protection & Affordable Care Act that did not include the Stupak-Pitts Amendment that limited abortions funded by taxpayer money despite his pro-life views
Voted against invoking cloture in 2008 that would have helped withdraw many U.S. combat troops from Iraq
Supported the tax cut that proposed cutting taxes in 2001 by $1.3 trillion along with 2003 tax cut
Tried to prevent a vote of the Federal Reserve Sunshine Act (2009) with a point of order
Voted against Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act (2002)
Voted against a bill in 2006 extending Stem Cell Research federal funding
Voted for the repeal of Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell

President of the United States

President of the United States

The President of the United States


The President of the United States is the executive of the country meaning he is the head of state as well as the head of the U.S. government. The President of the United States has the role of being the head of the Federal government’s executive branch as well as the commander-in-chief of the U.S. Armed Forces.
The power of the President of the United States is given by Article II of the U.S. Constitution which is the authority of the Federal government’s executive branch.  Article II also gives the President of the United States the authority and responsibility of appointing different federal officers, such as executive, regulatory, diplomatic, and judiciary powers. Furthermore, the President has the power to conclude treaties with other foreign powers as long as the Senate has consent.
Since the President of the United States is the commander-in-chief, the president has the authority to command and direct military forces and is also responsible for military strategy. However, he does not have the power to declare war. That power rests in the hands of Congress.
Since the founding of America, the federal government’s power as well as the power of the President of the United State has grown significantly. The president has continued to play a powerful role in dictating his party’s legislative agenda regarding domestic and foreign policy within the country, despite lacking powers beyond signing and vetoing bills.
The specific powers that are given to the President of the United States include:
Signing legislation that makes a bill into a law.
Vetoing legislation and having it return Congress and discussing any objections
o If each house of Congress votes to override the veto, they must both have a two-thrids majority.
Take no action in regards to a bill. Here the president does not sign or veto the piece of legislation. By doing this, two things can happen after 10 non-Sundays:
o The bill becomes law if Congress is still convened.
If Congress is no longer convened, the bill will not become law.
Election of the president of the United States occurs through the electoral college who serve as the citizen’s delegates. The presidential term lasts four years and is one of the two Federal positions that are national elected, the other being the Vice President.
There are limitations to how many terms a president can serve because of the 22nd amendment which was put into effect in 1951. Under this amendment, no individual can serve as the President of the United States after two terms for a full third term. Furthermore, a former president, or acting president for over two years cannot be elected to the president.

Ben Quayle

Ben Quayle

Who is Ben Quayle?


Ben Quayle is most known for his role as an American
politician as well a Republican U.S. Representative for the third congressional
district of Arizona.

Ben Quayle was born in Fort Wayne, Indiana on November 5,
1976 as the second son to his father, the former Vice President of the United
States. He was just born only three days after his father was elected into the
U.S. House of representatives. Ben Quayle often found himself visiting the
White House along with the rest of his family during the Regan presidency.

Ben Quayle attended Duke University and graduated with a
Bachelor of Arts in history in 1998 and then went on to receive his Juris
Doctor in 2002 from Vanderbilt University Law School.

After school, he worked as an associate in the Schulte Roth
and Zabel law firm and after the Snell & Wilmer law firm. He then became
the founder as well as the managing director of Tynwald Capital, which was a
law firm that specialized in acquiring and nurturing small businesses.  He then became a APG-Southwest along with the
Managing Partner of the Arizona Branch of APG Security, which provided various
security services for businesses.

In the 2010 election, Ben Quayle ran for the seat of the 3rd
congressional district of Arizona, which he won by defeating Green Party
nominee Leonard Clark, Libertarian nominee Michael Shoen, and Democratic
nominee Jon Hulburd. He then succeeded 8-term Republican Representative John Shadegg
and took his place as a Representative.

As a representative, Ben Quayle currently sits on the
following committees:

·        
Committee on Science, Space & Technology

o  
Subcommittee on Research & Science Education

o  
Chairman of the Subcommittee on Technology &
Innovation

·        
Committee on the Judiciary

o  
Vice Chair of the Subcommittee on Intellectual
Property, Competition, & the Internet

o  
Subcommittee on Crime, Terrorism, & Homeland
Security

·        
Republican Study Committee

·        
Committee on Homeland Security

o  
Vice Chair Subcommittee on Border & Maritime
Security

o  
Subcommittee on Counterterrorism &
Intelligence

Some of Ben Quayle’s opinions on influential subjects
include:

·        
Opposition to the Patient Protection & Affordable
Care Act of 2010

o  
Ben Quayle feels the act should be replaced with
medical tort reform.

·        
Supports the second amendment which allows law abiding
citizens to possess and bear arms.

·        
Suggests lowering taxes and revisiting
regulations that detriment job growth.

·        
Promotes furthering education reform in order to
destroy bureaucratic roadblocks that prevent school teachers and administrators
from successfully doing their jobs.

·        
Supports veteran’s benefits by providing quality
care for those who protect the country.

Charles Rangel

Charles Rangel

Who is Charles Rangel?


Charles Rangel is most known for his role as the Republican U.S.
Representative for the 15th congressional district of New York. He
has served this office since 1971, making Charles Rangel the third-longest
currently serving member within the House of Representatives.

Charles Rangel was born on January 3. 1971 in Harlem and
found himself with a difficult childhood. He dropped out of high school and
volunteered for Army Service during the Korean War. He was awarded a Purple
Heart along with a Bronze Star during the war after leading a group of comrades
out of a Chinese Army Encirclement.

After his service, he earned degrees through the G.I. Bill
at New York University as well as St. John’s Law School. After obtaining his
Juris Doctor in 1960, Charles Rangel worked as a private lawyer, legal counsel,
and an Assistant U.S. Attorney throughout the 1960’s. He also served in the New
York State Assembly for two terms and then defeated incumbent Congressmen
Powell Jr. in the primary for the House of Representatives. He won the 1970
general election with the Republican and Democratic backing.

Since winning the 1970 election, Charles Rangel has
maintained his seat for every election, with at least 90% of the vote. He has
often received the support of the Democratic party as well as the Republican
and Liberal Party in New York.

As a member of the U.S. House of Representatives, Charles Rangel
has the follow caucus memberships:

·        
House Democratic Caucus

·        
Congressional Black Caucus

·        
International Conservation Caucus

Charles Rangel also has had the following committees:

·        
Ranking member from 1996 to 2006 and Chair 2007
to 2010 of the Committee on Ways & Means

·        
Chair during 2007 and 2009 and Vice Chair in
2008 and 2010 of the Joint Committee on Taxation

·        
Chair from 1983 to 1993 of the Select Committee
on Narcotics Abuse and Control

·        
Committee on the Judiciary

·        
Select Committee on Crime

Some of Charles Rangel’s opinions on influential subjects
include:

·        
Support for President’s Obama’s initiative to
bring home American troops from abroad.

·        
Support for the Patient Protection & Affordable
Care Act of 2010.

·        
Believes that American foreign policy should
focus on international security and freedom across the world and should help
provide aid and resources to impoverished nations and also disaster relief to
others when necessary

·        
Supports President Obama’s stance on going
against privatizing Medicare and Social Security

·        
Committed to protecting the environment and the
earth’s natural resources by increasing fuel economy standards, reducing
greenhouse emissions, and preserving the earth.

·        
Supports the protection of at-risk families
through the creation of affordable housing.

Craig S. Morford

Craig S. Morford

 


Craig S. Morford

Born in 1959, Craig S. Morford is a prolific American attorney and former acting Deputy Attorney General of the United States. Craig S. Morford is most widely known for his successful prosecution of James A. Traficant. Moreover, Craig S. Morford gained prominence by crafting The Morford Report which was written after the overturning of the Detroit Sleeper Cell convictions in 2003.

Craig S. Morford was raised in Schenectady, New York to a middle-class family. His father worked for Pilsbury products and his mother was a homemaker who also sold women’s clothing during in-home shows. Craig S. Morford is married and has four children between the ages of 13 and 22. The former United States Deputy Attorney General currently lives in Rocky River, Ohio.

Craig S. Morford graduated from Hope College in 1981 with a degree in Economics. Upon graduation, Craig S. Morford took an internship with Senator Harrison Schmitt of New Mexico. In 1984, Craig S. Morford graduated from the Valparaiso University School of Law in Indiana.

Craig S. Morford: Career

Craig S. Morford worked for the United states Justice Department for over twenty years. During this time, Craig S. Morford spent the majority of his career pursuing organized-crime and public-corruption cases in Cleveland.

Craig S. Morford won several convictions against notorious mob bosses, including Lennie Strollo and his gang. From 1996 to 2002, Craig S. Morford won 70 convictions against corrupt politicians and mobsters in the Mahoning Valley and Youngstown, Ohio.

In 2002, Craig S. Morford was the lead prosecutor in a case against then-Congressman James Traficant, who was convicted of racketeering and bribery. Craig S. Morford, in this trial, was acting as the United States Deputy Attorney General. On July 16th of 2002, the House Committee Standards of Official Conduct convened a misconduct hearing. During this hearing, a testimony offered by Richard Detore claimed that Craig S. Morford was allegedly committing prosecutorial misconduct and witness tampering relating to previously-handled cases. Even without exculpatory evidence, Craig S. Morford indicted Detore with one count of conspiracy. That said, Traficant was ultimately acquitted by a jury.

Craig S. Morford: The Morford Report

After a nine-month internal review of the Sleeper cell case, the United States Department of Justice findings showed that prosecutors railroaded the defendants by concealing dozens of pieces of evidence that should have been provided to defense attorneys during the trial. On September 2nd of 2004, a US district judge threw out the June 2003 convictions of three Detroit men.

The internal investigation report submitted by Craig S. Morford on august 31st of 2004 found that the prosecution withheld from the defense an assortment of photographs, e-mails and witness statements and that these errors were so widespread throughout the case that there was no reasonable prospect of winning on appeal.  

 

Diane E. Beaver

Diane E. Beaver

 

Who is Diane E. Beaver?

Diane E. Beaver is a lawyer and former officer in the United States Army. Diane E. Beaver is infamous for her beliefs regarding torturous interrogation techniques at Guantanamo Bay.

Diane E. Beaver came into the national spotlight in October of 2002 when she worked for the Army’s Judge Advocate General Corps. During this time Diane E. Beaver drafted a legal opinion which advocated for the legality of harsh interrogation techniques that were proposed—and in some cases employed—at Guantanamo Bay.

Specifically Diane E. Beaver advocated the use of waterboarding, the use of physical contact, exposure to extreme temperatures and tactics designed to convince the detainee that severe pain or death was imminent for him and/or his family.

In addition to these tactics, Diane E. Beaver also advised for the harshest tactics to undergo a formal legal review prior to their use. During a meeting in October of 2002, Diane E. Beaver warned her fellow workers and officers to make sure that observers from International organizations, including the International Committee of the Red Cross ignore or not abuse the use of the “harsher” interrogation techniques. Diane E. Beaver believed that it was in the nation’s best interest to not expose these organizations to such tactics for fear of public scrutiny and other negative attention.

 

Diane E. Beaver: Time with the United States Department of Defense

After leaving the Army, Diane E. Beaver was fired by the United States Department of Defense. While employed with the Department of Defense, Diane E. Beaver was called to court to testify before the Senate Armed Services Committee concerning her desire to obfuscate the torturous tactics utilized at Guantanamo Bay.

During this testimony, which was held in June of 2008, Diane E. Beaver stated that she was a proud professional and believed that any failure on her part to be accurate in the advice rendered is her fault alone. Diane E. Beaver, during this testimony, stuck to her position, stating that she tried to do everything in her lawful power to protect the American people in a time of great stress and danger.

Because of her willingness to hide such tactics and her staunch support of aggressive and illegal interrogation techniques, Diane E. Beaver became one of the prominent faces of the controversy surrounding Guantanamo Bay. 

Treaty of Tripoli

Treaty of Tripoli

The 12 Articles of the Treaty of Tripoli


The Treaty of Tripoli was a treaty written by Joe Barlow, an American diplomat, describing the first treaty between Tripoli and the United States of America.
In 1796 The Treaty of Tripoli was approved unanimously by the Senate in 1797, after being signed the year before in Tripoli, as well as in Algiers.
The purpose of the Treaty of Tripoli was to simply a diplomatic agreement containing 12 articles:
Article 1: Established a friendship and peace between the United States and the Bey and those of Tripoli and Barbary.
Article 2: If either country was at war with other parties, any vessels carrying goods would pass free and not get detained.
Article 3: If a citizen of either party was found on a prize vessel from an enemy or other party, they will be set free and given their possessions.
Article 4: Passports were to be issued to all vessels of either party.
Article 5: a citizen of a party who has purchased a vessel condemned by the other party can consider that a passport for a year until he obtains a proper passport.
Article 6: Vessels using other ports that need supplies or provisions would get them at market value.
Article 7: If a vessel of either party was cast on the shore, assistance would be given. No pillaging would be allowed. 
Article 8: IF a vessel of either party was attacked within a certain distance of forts, it would receive assistance.
Article 9: Commerce between the two parties was given the same footing as other favored nations.
Article 10: Any presents or money demanded by the Bey of Tripoli for the Treaty of Tripoli was acknowledged and promised by the United States.
Article 11: The United States is not considered a Christian nation.
Article 12: Any disputes would not be settled with arms or war but rather the Dey of Algiers would be used as a mediator.
The Treaty of Tripoli was quickly considered moot since the Pasha of Tripoli then declared war on the United States in 1801. The United States retaliated by sending the Navy as well as the Marines to Tripoli where they defeated the Pasha’s armies.
While the Treaty of Tripoli was a very normal treaty, Article 11 is the reason that the Treaty of Tripoli is very well known. Article 11 has often been used in debates about the separation of church and states in the United States and its application to the founding of the nation.

Otto von Bismarck

Otto von Bismarck

Otto von Bismarck: The German Empire’s first Chancellor 


Otto von Bismarck is most well known for being a German-Prussian statesman in the late 1800’s as well as being the first Chancellor of the German Empire.
Otto von Bismarck was born in April 1815 in Brandenburg, in the Prussian Province of Saxony, west of Berlin. He went to school at the Graues Kloster and Friedrich-Wilhelm secondary schools and later attended the University of Gottingen where he studied law from 1832 to 1833.
At the age of 32, Otto von Bismarck became a representative in the Vereinigter Landtag, the new Prussian legislature, where he became known as a reactionary politician and Royalist. He was then elected into the lower house of the Prussian legislature, the Landtag, in 1849. Here he opposed unification of Germany the Parliament eventually failed to bring unification to Germany.
Otto von Bismarck later left the Landtag and was obtained a seat on the Prussian House of Lords, where he slowly lessened his reactionary views. In 1862, he was appointed by King Wilhelm I to be the Minister-President as well as the Foreign Minister.  From here into the 1860’s, Otto von Bismarck helped reorganize Germany with the goal of unification under Prussian Leadership.
1n 1870, Otto von Bismarck felt that if France was shown to be an aggressor against the German states, the states would be unified behind the King of Prussia. Otto von Bismarck instigated the Franco-Prussian War by publishing a heavily edited transcription of a conversation between the French Ambassador to Prussia and the King of Prussia. 
Because of Otto von Bismarck’s actions, France declared war five days later, resulting in a victory for Prussia. Otto von Bismarck used this to secure Germany’s unification. At the end of the war, France surrendered some of Lorraine and Alsace to Prussia.
At the end of the war, Otto von Bismarck was made into the Prince Von Bismarck as well the Imperial Chancellor of the German Empire.
One of Otto von Bismarck’s most significant contributions to society was his creation of the first welfare state. In the 1880’s he introduced many different programs in Germany regarding social insurance to promote the well-being for the citizens, particularly workers which would also help keep the economy running efficiently.
Because of his ideas, the German system started to provide worker’s compensation, retirement benefits, disability benefits, accident insurance, unemployment insurance and health insurance. None of these had ever been included in any previous society. Despite his right wing views, Otto von Bismarck is often thought of as a socialist because of these policies.

Rafael Robb

Rafael Robb

 


Rafael Robb

 

Once best known as an economics professor specializing in the field of game theory, Israeli-born Rafael Robb achieved notoriety in an entirely separate sphere in 2006, when his 49-year-old wife Ellen was found dead in their home in Upper Merion Township. On the morning of December 22, the day her body was discovered, Rafael Robb initially claimed that he had been in Philadelphia. During the initial investigation, Rafael Robb said he had last seen his wife at 9:30 am before driving their then 12-year-old daughter Olivia to school.

 

Rafael Robb told police that he believed his wife had been killed the course of a robbery. While some of the crime scene evidence seemed to corroborate his claim, such as a smashed window in a door in the house, investigators became suspicious when closer investigation led them to suspect the scene had been staged as a cover-up. Their suspicions deepened after interviewing Ellen's family members, who revealed she had told them that she was planning to move out of their house on January 1 and initiate divorce proceedings, expecting to receive some $4,000 a month in alimony payments.

 

Ellen's body was so bludgeoned and unrecognizable that investigators initially thought she had died of a shotgun blast to the face. However, later the murder weapon was found when a bloody chin-up bar was discovered in a dumpster. Subsequently, Rafael Robb reversed his earlier statements of innocence and said he had killed his wife in a momentary fit of uncontrollable anger upon learning Ellen was planning on taking their daughter on vacation for a few days, which would cause her to miss some school.

 

The district attorney arranged a plea bargain with Rafael Robb, agreeing to charge him with unpremeditated manslaughter rather than murder, the initial charge. To avoid a long trial, Rafael Robb agreed to accept their offer. However, the day before his sentencing hearing, Robb sent a letter to Olivia saying that she would receive no Christmas presents unless she mailed him a photograph of herself along with her most recent report card. Informed of this, the court imposed a sentence of five to ten years in prison, with eligibility for parole after five years had been served. The maximum possible sentence would have been 20 years.

 

In 2008, Rafael Robb and his attorney Frank DeSimone filed an appeal for lessening of the sentence. In their courtroom appearance before Court of Common Pleas judge Paul Tressler, they argued that the intent of Rafael Robb's letter to his daughter had been misunderstood and asked for reconsideration. Their appeal was rejected.

 

 In 2012, Rafael Robb became eligible for parole but has yet to be released from prison custody as of October 2012. He is still the owner of the house at which the murder took place. His daughter Olivia is being raised by the uncles of his late wife Ellen.